What Is Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) was developed by psychologist Albert Ellis in 1955. It proposes that psychological ailments arise from our perspective on events, not the events themselves. The goal of REBT therapy is to improve our mental health by replacing self-defeating perspectives with healthier ones. Key Takeaways: REBT Therapy Developed in 1955, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) was the first cognitive behavioral therapy.REBT claims that psychological dysfunction is the result of irrational beliefs about the situations and events we experience. The goal of REBT is to replace irrational thinking with healthier, rational beliefs.The ABCDE model is the foundation of REBT. A is an activating event that leads to B, a belief about the event. Those beliefs lead to C, the emotional, behavioral, and cognitive consequences of one’s belief about the event. REBT seeks to D, dispute one’s irrational beliefs in order to lead to E, the emotional, behavioral, and cognitive effects that come with altering one’s beliefs so they are healthier and more rational. Origins Albert Ellis was a clinical psychologist trained in the psychoanalytic tradition, but he began to feel that psychoanalytic therapies weren’t effectively helping his patients. He observed that although the approach shed light on the problems his patients were dealing with, it didn’t help them actually change their responses to those problems. This led Ellis to start developing his own therapeutic system in the 1950s. There were many things that influenced him in this process. First, Ellis’ interest in philosophy was instrumental. In particular, Ellis was inspired by Epictetus’ declaration, â€Å"People are disturbed not by things but by their view of things.† Second, Ellis drew upon the ideas of prominent psychologists, including Karen Horney’s concept of the â€Å"tyranny of the shoulds† and Alfred Adler’s suggestion that the behavior of an individual is the result of their perspective. Finally, Ellis built upon the work of the general semanticists who believed that careless language use can impact how we feel and behave. From these disparate influences, Ellis created rational emotive behavior therapy, which holds that the way people feel is the result of the way they think. People often hold irrational beliefs about themselves, other people, and the world that can lead to psychological problems. REBT helps people by altering those irrational beliefs and thought processes. REBT was the first cognitive behavioral therapy. Ellis continued to work on REBT until he passed away in 2007. Because of his constant adjustments and improvements to his therapeutic approach, it went through a number of name changes. When Ellis initially introduced his technique in the 1950s he called it rational therapy. By 1959 he had changed the name to rational emotive therapy. Then, in 1992, he updated the name to rational emotive behavior therapy. Irrational Thinking REBT places a heavy emphasis on rationality and irrationality. In this context, irrationality is anything that is illogical or in some way hinders an individual from reaching their long-term goals. As a result, rationality has no set definition but is dependent on the individual’s goals and what will aid them in reaching those goals. REBT contends that irrational thinking is at the heart of psychological issues. REBT points to several specific irrational beliefs people exhibit. These include: Demandingness or Musterbation — rigid beliefs that lead people to think in absolute terms like â€Å"must† and â€Å"should.† For example, â€Å"I must pass this test† or â€Å"I should always feel loved by my significant other.† The perspective expressed by these kinds of statements is often unrealistic. Such dogmatic thinking can paralyze the individual and cause them to sabotage themselves. For instance, it’s desirable to pass the test but it might not happen. If the individual doesnt accept the possibility that they might not pass, it can lead to procrastination and a failure to try because of their anxiety about what could happen if they dont pass.Awfulizing — an individual says an experience or situation is the worst thing that could possibly happen. Awfulizing statements include words like awful, terrible, and horrible. Taken literally, these kinds of statements leave an individual with nowhere to go to improve a situation and t herefore aren’t constructive ways of thinking.Low Frustration Tolerance — an individual’s belief that they can’t tolerate it if something they claim â€Å"must† not occur happens anyway. The individual may believe such an occurrence will make it impossible for them to experience any happiness. People with low frustration tolerance (LFT) often use phrases like â€Å"cannot bear it† or â€Å"cannot stand it.†Depreciation or Global Evaluation — rating oneself or someone else as lacking because of a failure to live up to a single standard. It entails judging the entirety of an individual’s being on one criteria and ignoring their complexity.  Ã‚   While REBT emphasizes irrational thinking, that emphasis is in the service of identifying and adjusting such thinking. REBT argues that people can think about their thinking and thus can actively choose to challenge their irrational thoughts and work towards changing them. The ABCDEs of REBT The foundation of REBT is the ABCDE model. The model helps uncover one’s irrational beliefs and provides a process for disputing them and establishing more rational ones. The elements of the model consist of: A – Activating event. An adverse or undesirable event experienced by an individual.B – Beliefs. The irrational beliefs that come about because of the activating event.C – Consequences. The emotional, behavioral, and cognitive consequences of one’s beliefs about the activating event. Irrational beliefs lead to psychologically dysfunctional consequences. This first part of the model focuses on the formation and results of irrational beliefs. REBT observes that while many people will blame the activating event (A) for the negative consequences (C) they experience, it is actually the beliefs (B) they form about the activating event (A) that really lead to the consequences (C). Thus it is uncovering those beliefs that is key to changing the emotional, behavioral, and cognitive consequences. For example, perhaps an individual is rejected by his significant other. This is the activating event (A), it’s a fact of life and the individual may respond to it in different ways. In this case, the rejected individual forms the belief (B) that because he was rejected, he is unlovable and will never again have a romantic relationship. The consequence (C) of this belief is that the man never dates, remains alone, and becomes increasingly depressed and isolated. This is where the remainder of the REBT model can help. D – Dispute. Clients in REBT are trained to actively dispute their irrational beliefs so they can restructure them into healthier beliefs.E – Effect. The effect of changing one’s beliefs about a situation to be more adaptive and rational, which in turn improves ones emotions, behaviors, and cognitions. After an individual’s irrational beliefs are uncovered, REBT uses a technique called disputing to challenge and restructure these beliefs. For example, if the man who was rejected by his significant other went to see an REBT practitioner, the practitioner would dispute the idea that he was unlovable. REBT practitioners work with their clients to challenge their problematic thought processes about different situations as well as their illogical emotional and behavioral responses. Practitioners encourage their clients to adopt different, healthier perspectives. To do this, the practitioner utilizes a number of methods including guided imagery, meditation, and journaling. The Three Insights Although everyone is irrational from time to time, REBT suggests that people can develop three insights that will reduce this tendency. Insight 1: Our rigid beliefs about negative events are primarily responsible for our psychological disturbances.Insight 2: We remain psychologically disturbed because we continue to adhere to our rigid beliefs instead of working to change them.Insight 3: Psychological health only comes when people work hard to change their irrational beliefs. It’s a practice that must start in the present and continue into the future. Its only by gaining and following all three insights that an individual will come to the conclusion that they must work to challenge their irrational thinking to eliminate psychological dysfunction. According to REBT, if the individual only recognizes their irrational thinking but doesn’t work to change it, they won’t experience any positive emotional, behavioral, or cognitive benefits. Ultimately, a psychologically healthy individual learns to accept oneself, others, and the world. They also develop a high frustration tolerance. An individual with high frustration tolerance acknowledges that undesirable events can and will happen but believes that they can tolerate such events by either changing or accepting them and pursuing alternative goals. That doesn’t mean people who have developed acceptance and high frustration tolerance don’t experience negative emotions. It means the negative emotions they experience are healthy because they are the result of rational beliefs. For example, psychologically healthy individuals will experience concern but not anxiety and sadness but not depression. Critiques Studies have shown REBT to be an effective form of therapy for issues like obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and social anxiety. However, REBT hasn’t escaped all criticism. Some have taken issue with the confrontational approach championed by Ellis in his disputing technique. Some REBT clients left therapy because they didn’t like having their beliefs questioned. However, although Ellis was tough on clients because he believed life was tough and clients needed to be tough to cope, other REBT practitioners often employ a softer touch that limits client discomfort. Another critique of REBT is that it doesn’t always work. Ellis suggested that this was the result of people failing to adhere to the revised beliefs they came to in therapy. Such individuals might talk about their new beliefs but don’t act on them, leading the individual to backslide into their former irrational beliefs and their emotional and behavioral consequences. While REBT is meant to be a short-term form of therapy, Ellis said that some people might need to stay in therapy long-term to ensure they maintain their healthier beliefs and the emotional and behavioral improvements that result from them. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"How Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Works.†Ã‚  Verywell Mind, 20 June 2019.  https://www.verywellmind.com/rational-emotive-behavior-therapy-2796000David, Daniel, Aurora Szentagotai, Kallay Eva, and Bianca Macavei. A Synopsis of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT); Fundamental and Applied Research. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, vol. 23, no. 3, 2005, pp. 175-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-005-0011-0Dewey, Russell A. Psychology: An Introduction, e-book, Psych Web, 2017-2018. https://www.psywww.com/intropsych/index.htmlDryden, Windy, Daniel David, and Albert Ellis. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies. 3rd ed., edited by Keith S. Dobson. The Guilford Press, 2010, pp. 226-276.Rational Emotive Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. The Albert Ellis Institute. http://albertellis.org/rebt-cbt-therapy/Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). GoodTherapy, 3 July, 2015. https://www.goodthera py.org/learn-about-therapy/types/rational-emotive-behavioral-therapyRaypole, Crystal. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Healthline, 13 September, 2018.https://www.healthline.com/health/rational-emotive-behavior-therapy#effectiveness

How to Start a New Semester Strongly

Knowing how to start a semester strongly can be one of the most important skills to learn during your time in college. After all, the choices you make during the first few weeks (and even days) of a new semester can have long-lasting effects. So just where should you focus your efforts? New Semester Basics Get a time management system. Managing your time just may be your biggest challenge while in college. Find something that works for you and use it from day one. (Not sure where to start? Learn tips for managing your time in college.)Take a reasonable course load. Taking 20 units (or more!) this semester may sound great in theory, but it most likely will come back to haunt you in the long run. Sure, it may seem like a good way to improve your transcript, but the lower grades you might get because your course load is too heavy is a sure way to bring your transcript down, not up. If you absolutely must carry a heavy course load for some reason, however, make sure that youve cut down on your other commitments so that you dont put too many unreasonable expectations on yourself.Have your books purchased -- or at least on their way. Not having your books the first week of class can put you behind everyone else before you even had the chance to start. Even if you have to go to the library fo r the first week or two to get the reading done, make sure youre doing what you can to stay on top of your homework until your books arrive.Have some -- but not too much -- co-curricular involvement. You dont want to be so over-involved that you barely have time to eat and sleep, but you most likely do need to be involved in something other than your classes all day long. Join a club, get an on-campus job, volunteer somewhere, play on an intramural team: just do something to keep your brain (and personal life!) balanced.Get your finances in order. You may be rocking your classes, but if your financial situation is a mess, you wont be able to finish the semester. Make sure your finances are in order when you start a new semester and that theyll still be that way as you head toward finals week.Have your life logistics worked out. These are different for every college student, but having the basics -- like your housing/roommate situation, your food/dining options, and your transportati on -- worked out in advance is critical to making it through the semester in a stress-free way.Set up healthy outlets for fun and to relieve stress. You dont need to have a Ph.D. to know that college is stressful. Have things already in place -- like good groups of friends, exercise plans, hobbies, and smart ways to avoid pitfalls (like knowing how to avoid test anxiety) -- that will allow you to mentally check out and relax when things get intense.Get information on where to go for help -- you know, just in case. When, and if, you find yourself juggling more than you can handle, trying to find help while under that kind of stress is nearly impossible. Learn where to go for help before your semester begins so that, just in case things get a little rough, your small speed bump doesnt turn into a major disaster zone.

Hitler Able to Establish a Dictatorship Free Essays

Was Hitler Able to Establish a Dictatorship Because He Banned Other Political Parties? BY 002910 â€Å"Hitler was able to establish a dictatorship because he banned other political parties†. Do you agree? Explain your answer. The rise of Hitler as a dictator was one Involving many deferent factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Hitler Able to Establish a Dictatorship or any similar topic only for you Order Now The political parties caused him a very challenging problem, and by banning them it undoubtedly helped him secure all-out rule. But was It the only reason why Hitler managed to establish himself as a dictator, and If not, Is It the main one? Hitler knew that the many opposition parties would pose him ND his government a real threat. He Instantly acted against them by getting Hindering to pass a decree stating they had to be Informed 48 hours In advance If a political meeting was to be held. This let Hitler take control of his political surroundings as It meant he would know when and where to go to break up a political meeting. It gave the Mans a strong foothold In the election that was approaching and a good starting point to establishing his dictatorship as he was already limiting what others could do and was getting his way. However, he only got 4% of the vote at the election. With other political parties still around to vote for Hitler could never have had a dictatorship as he did not have a mandate to rule. Therefore, eradicating the other parties would appear to be how he became a dictator. We must consider what it is to be a dictator, and with any sort of political opponent around a dictatorship is implausible to establish. First, all choice of opinion must be taken away. In this way, banning political parties has to be a good reason why Hitler managed to become Germany’s all out ruler. On top of this clear idea that e could never have absolute power with political parties still around is the fact that the Enabling Act, which to an extent was the blockage of power for any other party, really sealed Hitter’s position as Germany’s next dictator. What he said now became law, and he could do whatever he wanted as long as it didn’t anger Hindering, the Industrialists or the Army too much. In this sense, it looks like when Hitler finally banned the formation of political parties on 14th July it was this that gave him the status as a dictator of Germany . He made the laws, and there was no other view to go against his. However, we must look at the other reasons why Hitler secured this power. By no means was banning political parties the only reason why he became an all-out ruler. Even if he had banned the political parties, without the support of the other groups which got him into power he wouldn’t last long as Chancellor. The Night of the Long Knives is one of the main reasons why he became a dictator as It kept on side those who had the power to overthrow him. Room’s proposals to take over all German businesses did not sit well with the Industrialists as they would lose all their rower, money and influence. He also wanted to merge the Army Into the S. A. , onto popular move with the Army generals. By choosing to arrest and kill Room Hitler made sure that he held onto power; without sling with these groups they could well have forced Hindering to sack him as Chancellor. But by choosing the Army and Industrialists over his own party he showed that, although there were no longer any political parties, Hitler was still not the dictator of Germany as he was being forced to but did still have outside factions to impress. Therefore, it was also the death of Hindering and the oath by the Army which made Hitler the dictator of Germany. With no one above him to get rid of him, Hitler could then declare himself F;here and make the Army swear an oath to defend him. Now the outside groups had no one to complain to if they didn’t like what was going on. They were also now bound to follow him; the Army had to give their lives to him, which meant no threat of any military coup, and the Industrialists could not speak out against him as they could be arrested and sent to concentration camps. Yes, the banning of political parties gave Hitler the opportunity to declare himself ruler, but that opportunity could have been taken away if he hadn’t managed to keep them onside throughout. Hindering could still have been pressured into sacking Hitler as Chancellor (he had done this to others many times before in the previous years), thus stopping Hitler getting the chance to become supreme ruler all together. As well as this, Just banning political parties would never have been enough to become a dictator due to one very obvious blockage; the Reichstag. With it still in the country the country was still democratic as the parties had a say in how the country was run. Hitler could not ban any political parties without getting rid of the Reichstag first. It was this that the Enabling Act actually got rid of so that Hitler could start to rule the country on his own. It was not actually the banning of political parties in Germany that set in motion the wheels of dictatorship but the demolition of democracy and the Whimper constitution. But at the same time this could also be seen as a reason why the banning of political parties as the reason why Hitler established himself as F;here. In reality, the Reichstag is made up of political parties, so getting rid of it could be seen as getting rid of the parties. This could be both for and against the statement in the question, but I believe that the Reichstag has to be treated as a separate thing. In conclusion, I think that although Germany’s political parties did pose a major problem to Hitler and that banning it did help him to become a dictator, by no means is it the sole reason why he became one. Really, the Night of the Long Knives is more important as it is the point when everything could have collapsed for the Nazis. The start of Hitter’s rule was all about pleasing those around him and trying to stay in power. Therefore, keeping the Army and Industrialists on side at this point was key to making sure he lasted out Hinderers life. The Reichstag is a mixture of both sides of the argument, but it still backs up the point that banning political parties was not the only reason why Hitler became a dictator and isn’t the main reason why either. How to cite Hitler Able to Establish a Dictatorship, Papers

Sustainable Business Planning & Strategy for Urban- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSustainable Business Planning Strategy for Urban Form. Answer: Evaluation of the trends between urban form, community attitudes towards natural resources and resource management The issue which is identified in this study is the coral bleaching of Great Barrier Reef. The coral bleaching is taking place in Great Barrier Reef which is the serious concern for the environment degradation in Australia. It is seen that in this world with the increase in population there is high change in the temperature changes to be taken place along with the changes in the weather conditions as well (Hughes et al. 2017). There are frequent degradation of the weather and extreme weather events to be taking place. The reason is only due to the extreme heat is generated. The heart is generated due to the result of the excessive human activities to be taking place in Australia as well in the other parts of the world. There is the probability of having 95 percent of the heat or warmth is generated due to the human activities (Hughes et al. 2017). The corals are extremely sensitive to high temperatures and always want that the heat which is to be generated should be in small amount so that they can be able to survive under the sea and within the sea temperatures. The changes in the climate is producing high amount of heat which is typically bleaching the corals during the month of summer. The Great Barrier Reef has suffered from two major incidents of bleaching which is in the year 1998 and 2002 where 42 and 54 percent of the refs were affected due to bleaching. In the context of urban form, Australia is on the verge of becoming one of the most importrant countries where the construction along with the educational sector has a high leap forward currently as well in the future (Hughes et al. 2017). The education sector is very good in Australia. Due to this there is high number of immigrants coming to get high level of education in Australia. Due to the increased number of immigrants taking place, there is rapid use of the natural resources to be done (Hughes et al. 2017). There is no control on the usage and the preservation of the natural resources and its processes as well. The communities do not have the attitudes of controlling the natural resources and should be keeping the natural processes to be used for reducing the wastage of it and for the development of the natural processes for preserving it as well. In context of resource management, the community and the government of Australia have the common goal of protecting and preserving the coral reef from the hands of coral bleaching. So the Australian and the Queensland government are investing jointly $200 million per year for the health of the reef (Death et al. 2012). There is the development of the strong governance structure and the partnership agreement to be done with the government by some of the agencies who are looking for preserving the natural resources of Australia. Analyse trends on policy development in Australia In relation to the issue of coral bleaching, there are some of the policies to be developed by the government for preserving the coral reefs. The Great Barrier Reef marine Park Act 1999 which is useful for the management of the Great Barrier Reef. This provides planning for the framework and management through zoning plans, plans of management. The next could be the Environment protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 which regulates actions taken on the protection of the coral reefs (Van Hooidonk Maynard and Planes 2013). The others may be Environment Protection Act 1981 and many others as well. Conduction of research in a global environment In the context of the urban form, globally there is negative impact of the coral bleaching o Great Barrier Reef. It is seen that with the global environment to be able to get upgraded with the modern technology and fishing is considered to be one of the most important source of revenue generation both for the urban countries as well for the government of the specific countries (Van Hooidonk Maynard and Planes 2013). So coral bleaching needs to be eliminated which may affect the economic and social dimensions of the other countries as well. In the context of the community attitudes to natural processes, the communities are very much tensed and developing serious concerns of how to manage the natural resources which should be made sustainable for the future. The communities were aware of using and implementing the natural processes for the preservation of the natural resources in such a way that they become sustainable in the future (Van Hooidonk Maynard and Planes 2013). The community attitudes have changed altogether with the urban form to be developed which is affecting the global environment seriously. It is very much aware of the fact that the communities are educated enough but the needs and demands were increasing day by day so they are compelled to exploit the natural resources easily and in heavy amount which is causing seriously insecurity for the natural resources as well (Death et al. 2012). In the context of resource management, this is one of the most serious and essential activity which is needed to be done by the government of that specific country. The communities need to be aware of how much natural resources are needed, how much to be consumed and how much to be wasted as well (Wiedenmann et al. 2013). The resource management is done with the development of the effective policy making and the different legislations so that they can be able to manage the resources effectively for the introduction of the environment in a proper way. In the context of the policy development in a global environment, the policies are basically the statements which make the communities as well the individuals working in different organizations to become aware of how the environment should be protected from the issue of coral bleaching as mentioned in the study as well (Schaffelke et al. 2012). Description of business case for environmental sustainability management In relation to the issue of coral bleaching in Great Barrier Reef the government of Queensland has been drafted a policy for draft Reef 2025 termed as the Water Quality Improvement Plan 2017-2022 for consultation. The coral bleaching which is the issue identified need to be managing the resources so that it should be conserved effectively and does not affect the global environment as well. The rise of construction and other industries in this world it also affecting the coral reefs which is affecting the health of the humans and there are rapid changes in the lifestyle of the humans to be taking place (Death et al. 2012). The humans are getting much more advanced and they are exploiting the natural resources heavily in order to meet their own needs and demands as well. This is to be done by the Australians along with the government of Queensland which tells that due to the poor water coming out of the industries has been running down into the catchment areas of the coral reef (Brodie and Waterhouse 2012). This is the detailed planning where the government, the community and the government will be able to work together in order to improve the quality of water so that coral bleaching could be reduced this should be improving the ecosystem and provides high value for the Great barrier Reef as well. References Brodie, J. and Waterhouse, J., 2012. A critical review of environmental management of the not so GreatBarrier Reef.Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,104, pp.1-22. Brodie, J.E., Kroon, F.J., Schaffelke, B., Wolanski, E.C., Lewis, S.E., Devlin, M.J., Bohnet, I.C., Bainbridge, Z.T., Waterhouse, J. and Davis, A.M., 2012. Terrestrial pollutant runoff to the Great Barrier Reef: an update of issues, priorities and management responses.Marine Pollution Bulletin,65(4-9), pp.81-100. Butler, J.R., Wong, G.Y., Metcalfe, D.J., Honzk, M., Pert, P.L., Rao, N., van Grieken, M.E., Lawson, T., Bruce, C., Kroon, F.J. and Brodie, J.E., 2013. An analysis of trade-offs between multiple ecosystem services and stakeholders linked to land use and water quality management in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.Agriculture, ecosystems environment,180, pp.176-191. Death, G., Fabricius, K.E., Sweatman, H. and Puotinen, M., 2012. The 27year decline of coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef and its causes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(44), pp.17995-17999. Hughes, T.P., Kerry, J.T., lvarez-Noriega, M., lvarez-Romero, J.G., Anderson, K.D., Baird, A.H., Babcock, R.C., Beger, M., Bellwood, D.R., Berkelmans, R. and Bridge, T.C., 2017. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals.Nature,543(7645), p.373. Rosenberg, E. and Loya, Y. eds., 2013.Coral health and disease. Springer Science Business Media. Schaffelke, B., Carleton, J., Skuza, M., Zagorskis, I. and Furnas, M.J., 2012. Water quality in the inshore Great Barrier Reef lagoon: Implications for long-term monitoring and management.Marine Pollution Bulletin,65(4-9), pp.249-260. Van Hooidonk, R., Maynard, J.A. and Planes, S., 2013. Temporary refugia for coral reefs in a warming world.Nature Climate Change,3(5), p.508. Wiedenmann, J., DAngelo, C., Smith, E.G., Hunt, A.N., Legiret, F.E., Postle, A.D. and Achterberg, E.P., 2013. Nutrient enrichment can increase the susceptibility of reef corals to bleaching.Nature Climate Change,3(2), p.160.